幾個(gè)星期前在語(yǔ)法版發(fā)了幾個(gè)關(guān)于比較結(jié)構(gòu)的問題，up了幾次都沒有人回。這幾天總結(jié)了一些notes, 決定貼出來(lái)，大家一起切磋。若有錯(cuò)誤，還望指正!

第一種比較： 同一主語(yǔ)之間（自己與自己）比較

OG 198

198. Although Napoleon’s army entered Russia with far more supplies than they had in their previous campaigns, it had provisions for only twenty-four days.

(A) they had in their previous campaigns

(B) their previous campaigns had had

(C) they had for any previous campaign

(D) in their previous campaigns （E）

(E) for any previous campaign

同一army 的兩件事情比較，than以后的部分可以省略主語(yǔ)及謂語(yǔ)

AC的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞had補(bǔ)錯(cuò), 應(yīng)該是had had.

92.    Never before had taxpayers confronted so many changes at once as they had in the Tax Reform Act of 1986.

(A) so many changes at once as they had in

(B) at once as many changes as

(C) at once as many changes that there were with

(D) as many changes at once as they confronted in（D）

(E) so many changes at once that confronted them in

同樣一群taxpayers前后發(fā)生的事情比較，卻在than后補(bǔ)出了主語(yǔ)及謂語(yǔ). D的confronted補(bǔ)的完全正確, A中的had就是錯(cuò)的。另外，D中代詞用了they, 而不是that/those， 因?yàn)槭亲约号c自己比。that/those指代同類事物，而不是同一樣事物。

結(jié)論：同一主語(yǔ)之間（自己與自己）比較，可以省略主語(yǔ)（因?yàn)槭亲约罕茸约海┘爸^語(yǔ)，并且只有當(dāng)主句也用助動(dòng)詞,且比較從句的助動(dòng)詞與主句一致時(shí),才可省略動(dòng)詞只保留助動(dòng)詞. 這里特別要考慮時(shí)態(tài)問題，如過去完成時(shí)與過去時(shí)比較，若補(bǔ)出謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，助動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞的選擇要根據(jù)時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)定。若是不省略主語(yǔ)，代詞一般用they/it.

以下的兩個(gè)句子than后面雖然都補(bǔ)了had, 但意思完全不一樣。

X had had....than X had... 后面一個(gè)had是過去完成時(shí)，而非過去時(shí)。

X had...than X had...         后面一個(gè)had是過去時(shí), 而非過去完成時(shí)。

第二種比較：不同主語(yǔ)之間（X與Y）比較

Innits of the Bering Sea were in isolation from contact with Europeans longer than Aleuts or Inuits of the North Pacific and northern Alaska.

（A） in isolation from contact with Eurpoeans longer than
（B） isolated from contact with Eurpoeans longer than
（C）in isolation from contact with Eurpoeans longer than were
（D） isolated from contact with Eurpoeans longer than were （D）
（E） in isolation and without contact with Eurpoeans longer than

D中were絕對(duì)要補(bǔ)，否則產(chǎn)生歧義！

isolated from contact with Eurpoeans longer than from。。。補(bǔ)出from

isolated from contact with Eurpoeans longer than were。。。補(bǔ)出were

兩種補(bǔ)出方式（prep. or 動(dòng)詞）產(chǎn)生的意思完全不一樣，所以要補(bǔ)出were消除歧義。

結(jié)論：不同主語(yǔ)之間的比較可以省略謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，但前提是沒有歧義。我看到網(wǎng)上有些說(shuō)法，認(rèn)為實(shí)意動(dòng)詞不能省略，但系表結(jié)構(gòu)就可以。這種說(shuō)法很片面，所以我特地舉了一個(gè)系表結(jié)構(gòu)而不省略的例子。引用一位前輩的話：“。。。ETS如此的reluctant to purport 什么硬性的公理。如何將一個(gè)句子表達(dá)得準(zhǔn)確，簡(jiǎn)潔，不產(chǎn)生歧義是ETS對(duì)句子改錯(cuò)的最高要求。有一些通常的做法，但是決不能生搬硬套。”

第三種比較：不同賓語(yǔ)之間（X的a與Y的b）比較
OG 118

The question of whether to divest themselves of stock in companies that do business in South Africa is particularly troublesome for the nation's 116 private Black colleges because their economic bases are often more fragile than most predominantly White colleges.

(A) than

(B) than those of

(C) than is so of

(D) compared to (B)

(E) compared to those of

B中的those指代bases.  than后謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞are省略，因?yàn)闆]有歧義。

結(jié)論：在不同賓語(yǔ)之間比較，一般都會(huì)用到代詞，且代詞極少（我不敢制定公理，所以不說(shuō)“絕對(duì)”）出現(xiàn)they/it, 因?yàn)殡m然是同類，但不是同一樣?xùn)|西(X的a與Y的b)。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的省略根據(jù)是否產(chǎn)生歧義而定。