從某種意義上來說,我們在考試現(xiàn)場大腦的運(yùn)作方式與我們那時(shí)要面對的電腦運(yùn)作方式有類似之處,都要根據(jù)一些數(shù)據(jù)和信息進(jìn)行運(yùn)算,然后得出計(jì)算結(jié)果,也就是答案。因此,提高閱讀速度就涉及到提高大腦的運(yùn)算速度問題。當(dāng)然,不同的人之間,這種絕對運(yùn)算速度是有差異的,但是所有的人都可以通過一個(gè)方法來提高其閱讀速度,也就是通過消除一些延誤我們大腦運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)速度因素來提高我們的閱讀速度。
GRE和GMAT文章的特殊性就在于涉及的因素之多,是其他任何部分都無法與之相比的,因此才在兩種考試中都成為最難的一個(gè)部分。如果說文章是高樓大廈,段落就是房間,句子就是一面面的墻,單詞就是一塊塊的磚。以上幾個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)中的任何一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)出了問題,都會(huì)影響我們對整篇文章的理解。為了解決上述問題,本書著重研究了如何克服GRE或GMAT難句的問題,這里來談一談單詞的問題。
剛才我們把人腦和電腦作了一個(gè)類比。然而在閱讀中,閱讀者的大腦的運(yùn)算過程有其特殊性;讀者在答題前必須先通過閱讀文章來把大量的信息輸入大腦,然后才能對它進(jìn)行加工處理。這就好比電腦在運(yùn)行大型軟件之前先要把大量數(shù)據(jù)輸入計(jì)算機(jī)內(nèi)存一樣。我們知道,除了考慮計(jì)算機(jī)CPU速度以外,計(jì)算機(jī)的內(nèi)存大小是決定其運(yùn)行速度快慢的最為重要的參數(shù):因?yàn)橛?jì)算機(jī)需要把計(jì)算中最頻繁使用的數(shù)據(jù)放到內(nèi)存里,因此內(nèi)存大的計(jì)算機(jī)也較快。前面我們講GRE難句時(shí),曾經(jīng)提到過一個(gè)大腦容量的問題,其實(shí)這個(gè)大腦容量所起的作用就與計(jì)算機(jī)的內(nèi)存作用相似。我們讀文章時(shí),從文章中吸收的信息,都是放到這個(gè)內(nèi)存中,以供大腦對這些信息做加工處理之用。問題是,任何一個(gè)人,其腦容量再大,也是有限的。尤其是當(dāng)大家讀難句的水平和詞匯水平還不高時(shí),如果這些你不理解的東西都把你的腦容量占用了,你根本談不上真正跟上文章思路云進(jìn)行閱讀理解,而且你大腦即使是在試圖理解文章,你的運(yùn)算速度也不一定非常慢,原因在于,越是你不懂的東西,它占用你大腦的容量就越大,比如計(jì)算機(jī)在打開OFFICE、PHOTOSHOP等軟件時(shí),因?yàn)檫@些軟件占用內(nèi)存比較大,所以速度就慢。
關(guān)于GRE難句,我們前面有專門的解決方案,那么在閱讀中什么樣的詞匯占用我們大腦的容量比較大、大腦處理起來比較慢呢?就是我們今天要討論的東西,我們把其稱之為閱讀抽象詞。
什么叫抽象詞
1、 并非GRE或GMAT詞匯書里的詞,而是一個(gè)你認(rèn)識(shí)的詞
2、 用一句話解釋不清楚
3、 你在閱讀的時(shí)候,突然想不明白這個(gè)詞放在句子當(dāng)中或文章當(dāng)中是什么意思了。
首先,請大家不要誤解筆者的意思,筆者說它不是GRE或GMAT詞匯,并非是說GRE或GMAT詞匯里沒有閱讀抽象詞,正相反,大多數(shù)GRE或GMAT詞匯都屬于抽象詞范疇;不過這里面涉及一個(gè)如何背單詞的問題,過一會(huì)兒再講。我主要是要說這樣一些詞匯:所有的人都認(rèn)識(shí),但是意思抽象、信息量大,如果出現(xiàn)在文章或句子中,其意思難以迅速理解,如下面的句子:
Exmaple:…be a descryiptive distinction rather than an empirical observation and consequently lacks explanatory value.
這句話所用的單詞大家都認(rèn)識(shí),可是為什么不易讀懂呢?就在于構(gòu)成這句話的單詞全是一些這樣的抽象詞,下面列了一些抽象詞,大家看一看,有沒有大家不認(rèn)識(shí)的?
Psychological principle law reality emotion appraise intensity correspond observation identicall mistakenly perceive
都認(rèn)識(shí)。比如這個(gè)law,小學(xué)就學(xué)了,可是誰能用一句話給這個(gè)law下一個(gè)定義呢?一句解釋不明白,就意味著其信息量也是很大的,占用我們大腦的內(nèi)存也就越大。而這樣的詞,在文章或句子中出現(xiàn),想象其含義比較困難,這就造成我們同學(xué)在閱讀中出現(xiàn)這樣一個(gè)奇怪現(xiàn)象:明明是認(rèn)識(shí)的詞,突然在閱讀中就不知道是什么意思了。如果需要在考試現(xiàn)場來思考單詞在文章的含義,必然會(huì)導(dǎo)致思維的停頓和思路的被打斷,大大地影響我們的閱讀速度。就剛才所舉的例句而言,如果閱讀這句話的時(shí)候還要停下三四次來想那幾個(gè)抽象詞在句中是什么意思,這一句話是不是要讀上半天?
問題我們已經(jīng)找出來了,該如何云解決呢?
閱讀抽象詞訓(xùn)練法
第一步、在閱讀完每一篇GRE或GMAT文章之后,按照上面所說的三個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)找出這些抽象詞來。
第二步、把這些單詞記在小本上或存在電腦里,也可以補(bǔ)充到本書所列的三百多個(gè)抽象詞中;讀文章或背單詞感到疲勞了,就可以拿來翻一翻,想一想。
注意這里所說的想的方法。比如在剛才作為例子所舉出的抽象詞中的appraise,大家應(yīng)該都知道其中文釋義叫做評估,可是如果你只知道在現(xiàn)場的閱讀中把翻譯成中文的評估,再云想評估的意思是什么,這種速度是無法滿足GRE或GMAT考試對閱讀的要求的。那么什么叫appraise呢?比如說這瓶礦泉水,我們對其評估的過程是這樣的:先把它拿出來觀察,找出其性質(zhì)特點(diǎn)與同類(或一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn))作比較,根據(jù)優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)對共價(jià)值做出估測,然后再找到它在當(dāng)前市場情況下的合理價(jià)位,這么一個(gè)完整的過程才叫做appraise,如果我們到考場上去把a(bǔ)ppraise翻譯成評估,再云想這個(gè)過程,純屬浪費(fèi)時(shí)間;最快的方法,就是一看到appraise這個(gè)單詞,你就下意識(shí)地直覺性地反映出這樣一個(gè)過程來。
我們從小學(xué)英語的辦法,就是記住一個(gè)單詞的英文拼寫和其中文釋義,然后再到閱讀文章中云搞翻譯先把英語單詞翻譯成中文單詞,再把中文單詞串聯(lián)成一句中文的話,最后按照翻譯出來的中文來理解文章的意思。這樣做不但不能滿足GRE和GMAT考試的時(shí)間要求,而且碰到抽象詞的時(shí)候往往也不靈,英語的抽象詞翻譯成中文的釋義,這個(gè)中文釋義也是抽象的。比如philosophical翻譯成中文哲學(xué)的,該不理解還是不理解。
因此,筆者所說的訓(xùn)練抽象詞的方法,就是把一些我們閱讀時(shí)在瞬間突然反應(yīng)不出其意思的、抽象的英文詞匯找出來,然后在平時(shí)花一些時(shí)間把這些英文單詞出現(xiàn)在文章中的真正意義想清楚。我們訓(xùn)練GRE抽象詞,就是把考試時(shí)需要花的時(shí)間,兌換成你平時(shí)訓(xùn)練時(shí)花的時(shí)間。讀者們提高自己的閱讀速度的一個(gè)有效的途徑,就是找出抽象詞來,利用自己的零碎時(shí)間,想象一下這些單詞出現(xiàn)在文章當(dāng)中的真正含義,每天積累、每天研習(xí);在大腦中把這些英文單詞的真正意義想象得越熟練,則你在閱讀中對詞義的反應(yīng)也就越快。
這樣的訓(xùn)練過程也是一個(gè)積累的過程。其實(shí)在GRE或GMAT的各種題材的文章中,涉及到的抽象詞是有限的,最多也不會(huì)超過一千個(gè)詞匯,而具體到每個(gè)人身上,也就只有那么幾百個(gè);因?yàn)楣P者在教學(xué)中經(jīng)過觀察發(fā)現(xiàn),不同的人對于不同抽象詞的理解程度也是不同的,在你那時(shí)算是抽象的單詞,到了他那里就理解得很好,這是與學(xué)習(xí)者的知識(shí)背景和生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)相關(guān)的。
對于抽象詞的積累與對難句的積累過程類似,一開始越積累越多,堅(jiān)持訓(xùn)練到了一定程度,就會(huì)越來越少,直到完全消失,也就那么一個(gè)來月的功夫;每天的練習(xí)時(shí)間不必多,有半小時(shí)足矣;關(guān)鍵在于每天都要練。還是那句考試:貴在堅(jiān)持。
筆者在后面的附錄五中列出了這樣的一些抽象詞和抽象詞組,然后由于編寫本書的時(shí)間太倉促,筆者未能對單詞在文章中的用法和其真正意義給出詳細(xì)的解釋,這是本書的一大遺憾。希望在再版時(shí)能夠把注釋補(bǔ)充進(jìn)來。
需要說明的一點(diǎn)是,抽象詞因人而異,無法統(tǒng)一,所以本書所給出的抽象詞不應(yīng)成為所有讀者的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。如果大家發(fā)現(xiàn)有些單詞可以理解得很透徹,則可以從書中劃去;而且筆者也承認(rèn),由于沒有充足的時(shí)間,本書所搜羅的四百余個(gè)抽象詞和抽象詞組也不一定完整。如果讀者在閱讀當(dāng)中遇到本書沒有給出的抽象詞,請自行補(bǔ)充。
Abolitionism |
Assume |
Commentary |
Academic |
Assumption |
Commit |
Acceptance |
Attain |
Competent |
Accidental |
Attitude |
Complex |
Accommodate |
Attune |
Comprise |
Acknowledge |
Authenticate |
Conception |
Acknowledgement |
Authorization |
Conceptual |
Acquisition |
Availability |
Conclusion |
Address |
Beset |
Conditional |
Adjustment |
Boom |
Configuration |
Aesthetic |
Border |
Confine |
Anecdotal |
Broad |
Confrontation |
Antithesis |
Capable |
Confuse |
Apparently |
Channel |
Congenial |
Apportion |
Characteristic |
Consequently |
Appraise |
Characterization |
Considerably |
Approach |
Charting |
Consign |
Approximation |
Claim |
Constitute |
Apt |
Classical |
Constitution |
Architectural |
Clerical |
Construct |
Argue |
Clinical |
Construction |
Art |
Coexistent |
Consume |
Artifact |
Coherently |
Consumption |
Aspect |
Coincidently |
Contemplate |
Assess |
Commend |
Contemporary |
Contend |
Distinguished |
Function |
Contentious |
Doctrine |
Functional |
Continuously |
Domain |
Fundamental |
Contravention |
Draft |
Gain |
Conventionalize |
Dramatize |
General |
Conventionally |
Drawing |
Generalization |
Correspond |
Corrupt |
Council |
Counteraction |
Counterexample |
Critical |
Crucial |
Debate |
Defend |
Definition |
Demanding |
Democracy |
Denote |
Departure |
Depiction |
Derivative |
Descriptive |
Devise |
Devoted |
Diagnose |
Dimension |
Discernible |
Discerning |
Discharge |
Discursive |
Dismal |
Dismay |
Dispute |
Dissemination |
Dissension |
Dissolution |
Distinction |
Distinguish |
Dubious |
Ecclesiastical |
edition |
Effect |
Elementary |
Emancipation |
Emotional |
Empirical |
Emulate |
Encompass |
Encounter |
Encouraging |
Energetic |
Enfranchisement |
Engage |
Engagement |
Epistemology |
Established |
Establishment |
Ethics |
Ethnic |
Event |
Exceed |
Exclusively |
Expense |
Explanatory |
Extension |
Facility |
Feeling |
Fitness |
Fortuitous |
Foster |
Framework |
Genuine |
Genus |
Given |
Global |
Grateful |
Ground |
Hard-nosed |
Horizontal |
Identical |
Identification |
Identify |
Illusory |
Implication |
Impression |
Impulse |
Inadvertent |
Incentive |
Incidence |
Incomparable |
Incompatibility |
Incorporate |
Indicate |
Individualism |
Inert |
Inevitably |
Infinite |
Informal |
Inherently |
Inhibit |
Innocent |
Innuendo |
Inordinately |
Inquiry |
Insofar |
Inspiration |
Instance |
Institution |
Insufficient |
Insult |
Intellectual |
Intensely |
Intensity |
Intentional |
Interact |
Interpretation |
Intricacy |
Intriguing |
Intuitive |
Inversion |
Invert |
Investigation |
Inveterate |
Irrational |
Judgment |
Justification |
Justify |
Law |
Lawsuit |
League |
Legacy |
literalize |
Literally |
Literary |
Literature |
Logic |
Maintain |
Mandate |
Margin |
Mastery |
Means |
Mechanically |
Mechanism |
Mental |
Merit |
Midst |
Mistakenly |
Momentous |
Morality |
Multiple |
Necessarily |
Negation |
Negative |
Nonviable |
Notable |
Nuclear |
Numerously |
Object |
Objective |
Observation |
Observational |
Occurrence |
Official |
Omission |
Ongoing |
Organization |
Orientation |
Originality |
Panic |
Particularly |
Pedagogical |
Perceive |
Percept |
Perception |
Perceptive |
Perceptual |
Perfunctory |
Perplexed |
Perplexity |
Pervasive |
Phenomena |
Physical |
Pictorial |
Picture |
Pinpoint |
Plague |
Plausible |
Pleading |
Pledge |
Polarity |
Positional |
Positive |
Possibility |
Practical |
Precisely |
Presence |
Pretend |
Previously |
Prey |
Principal |
Principle |
Privacy |
Privately |
Problematic |
Proceed |
Process |
Procure |
Prominence |
Prompt |
Property |
Proportionately |
Proposal |
Provision |
Psychological |
Psychologist |
Purposive |
Pursuit |
Qualified |
Qualitatively |
Quantitatively |
Radical |
Respectively |
Striking |
Rather |
Respond |
Strip |
Ration |
Responsible |
Reaction |
Readily |
Reality |
Realm |
Rear |
Reception |
Receptive |
Recognizable |
Recount |
Refute |
Regional |
Regulate |
Regulation |
Remarkable |
Remedy |
Remembrance |
Render |
Repetitive |
Representation |
Repute |
Rescuer |
Reservation |
Resolution |
Resourceful |
Responsive |
Revise |
Rightness |
Rigorously |
Salvation |
Saturated |
Scheme |
Secure |
Seductive |
Seem |
Senate |
Sequential |
Servitude |
Signal |
Specter |
Speculation |
Speculative |
Sphere |
Statement |
Stationary |
Stature |
Statute |
Stimuli |
Strait |
Structural |
Studied |
Substantial |
Substitute |
Suffrage |
Synthesize |
Technical |
Training |
Trait |
Trample |
Transcription |
Unavailing |
Unconscionable |
Underlying |
Underplay |
Understanding |
Unerring |
Unremitting |
Untangle |
Vain |
Value |
Virtual |
Virtue |
Visionary |
whereas |
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閱讀抽象詞組
A wide range |
Be bereft of |
Constitute for |
Accede to |
Account for |
Act on |
Aesthetic experience |
As it were |
As long as |
Attest to |
Be aimed at |
Be bound to |
Be compensated for |
Be directed at |
Biological remains |
Composers of Beethoven’s stature |
Confer on |
Conferred by |
Ecological stabilization |
Economic interest |
Emotional life |
Explain away |
Farewell performance |
If only |
In any event |
In favor of |
In passing |
In spite of |
In the first place |
Intent on |
Internal to |
In the guise of |
In view of |
Must be careful |
Naturalistic modes of expression |
Nonaesthetic emotion |
Not least by a sense of form |
One of the questions of interest |
Only if |
Order of magnitude |
Other than |
Perceive…as… |
Point to |
Properties of reality |
Psychotic fantasy |
Raise issues |
Regardless of |
Scholarly journals |
Selectively neutral |
Serve to do |
Shore up |
Sit in judgment on |
So called |
Substitute for |
Take into account |
Take responsibility for |
Technically unconventional |
The notions of Black identity |
Unattributable to |
Verges on |
Vivid imagination |
Work on |
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