被精簡之后再精簡的issue材料，都是我考g時候總結(jié)出的最后背誦版，分兩個部分：一個是分類的重要詞條；另一個是一些短小的例子資料部分來源于孫遠，還有其他一些下載的資料的綜合，基本上夠用了。分類如下：

一. 教育類

1 教育的目的和作用：Transmitting democratic values; create equality of opportunity; preparing new generations of citizens in society.

2 教育之生活技能：

Logical thinking; analysis; creative problem solving; synthesis; oral communication; writing communication; interpersonal; leadership

3 道德教育

Honesty; fairness; self-discipline; fidelity to task, friends and family; personal responsibility; love of a country; belief in the principles of liberty; equality and freedom to practice one’s faith

4 人文教育

an ability to synthesize and relate; to weigh cause and effect; to see events in perspective; how to read, write and think; speak intelligently; get along with others; conceptualize problems

5 填鴨教育

二. 科技類

1 帶來landfill: outdated devices, discarded chemicals, plastic packaging

2 帶來out of work: automation contribute to out of work; the development of computers and transistors and the accompanying trend toward miniaturization

3 壞處：automobile exhausts, pesticides such as DDT threaten the food chain, mineral wastes pollute reservoirs of groundwater

4 好處：telecomuniting: because of the side effect relatively inferior, improve productivity, develop quantity management, reduce labor resourcefulness

5 雙面性：as medicine both have side effect; however, people could not reject to receive them with more benefits

6 事例：國防軍備，基因治療疾病，機器人的工業(yè)用途，全球化；事業(yè)，個人隱私，倫理，社會不平等，文化落后，文化殖民，溫室效應，飲水質(zhì)量數(shù)量，灌溉用水，工業(yè)用水，發(fā)電，漁業(yè)，化學泄漏，核泄漏導致死亡，疾病

三. 競爭類

1 競爭的好處：in business: 電腦更先進，通訊更發(fā)達，價格更低；其他：挑戰(zhàn)人類極限，促進學習，使社會民主

2 合作的好處：例子如籃球，建筑，修路；壞處：失去競爭；過度：合作壟??政府operate以免失去competition

3 合作競爭：co-opetition, a combination of cooperation and competition, is the delicate balance of cooperation and competition.

四. 社會問題

1貧窮：由產(chǎn)于物產(chǎn)見得conflict，class discrimination and unequal opportunities, the social welfare system and affirmative action.

2 種族歧視：power and wealth 分不均造成的：個人自由，公民自由，權威的濫用；經(jīng)濟機會，社會活動，文盲，失業(yè)，無家可歸，疾病。種族純優(yōu)化，種族隔離，制度不平等

3 反社會問題：犯罪，暴力，drugs, criminal justice system, 家庭不穩(wěn)定，家庭暴力，學業(yè)不好，媒體影響，離婚

4 性別歧視：工作地方，職業(yè)，工資，教育

5 醫(yī)療健康問題：器官移植，基因治療，安樂死化學潛在的危害、治病，消除饑餓

6 能源問題：污染—health risks, acid rain ,global warming, renewable

五 政治類

1 目的：產(chǎn)生，保持，擴大wealth, prosperity influence

2 道德與政治的異同:

similarity: regulate or direct human behavior, 程度不同

二者界限模糊，取決于社會矛盾，政治目標，道德可以政治化，政治可以道德化

六.丑聞

Franklin Roosevelt, Dwight Eisenhower, Lyndon Thomson and John Kennedy had extramarital affairs. Thomas Jefferson, many

believe, fathered children, by one of his slaves. And Grover Cleveland confessed to having an illigitionate child.

七.企業(yè)文化的重要性：

1 Leader 作道德榜樣，讓員工更忠心，以企業(yè)為榮

2 是吸引和留住人才的因素，建設文化組織讓員工自我實現(xiàn)

3 對CEO要求：建設文化，鼓勵負責的行為，解除勞動潛力

4 好的企業(yè)文化：保證穩(wěn)定以致，更讓人尊敬，信任，不建立信任將被所有人拒絕

八.歷史類

1 Lesson of courage, diligence, 積極抗爭

2 預測未來：像過去學習，不要覺得好笑或有優(yōu)越感，而要理解人們想象和夢想明天的動機。這有個很好的名人名言：Machiavelli, an Italian philosopher, wrote: “whoever wishes to foresee the future must consult the past, for human events ever resemble those of preceding times.”

3 預測模式：根據(jù)過去發(fā)生的事與將來相似的過去因素對未來的影響，延續(xù)歷史

九.藝術類

可能這類事很多人最懼怕的，但是我看了下面這篇文章之后就很想考到的是藝術類，文章來自于《新東方英語》（不好意思，那本書暫時找不到了，等找到不上來。）

以上的字眼有完整的小段，建議可以參照下面的寫法，不要背誦，畢竟那不是自己的東西。

The purpose of education is to transmit democratic values, create equality of opportunity, and prepare new generation of citizens in society.

Everyone should be taught life skills as analysis, logical thinking, synthesis, and creative problem solving rather than just knowledge which are more important for people to survive freely in the complex and rapid change.

We should want all students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love their country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality and the freedom to practice one’s faith.

To study history and classics is to teach students the ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective

Liberal art teaches you how to think, write, and speak intelligently, get along with others, and conceptualize problems.

Students are being so stuffed indigestible mass of material that they have no time to draw on his own resources,"to use their own minds for analyzing and synthesizing and evaluating this material

Art is a kind of release of individual lust, converting the human libido into plentiful creativity. It is through the "work of art that artists can express their passions, emotions, and desires. Art is concerning with the inner world rather than with the outside one as a whole.

Beethoven, one of the greatest composers and musicians, was renowned by creating many symphonies. Astonishingly, he produced his most famous symphony, chorus with complete deafness. How could he manage it? It not only has to be the prominent imagination that stimulate him to struggle and thrive, thus can even listen in spite of no hearings, but more important, determines his keen interest in music.

Monet, throughout his lifetime, always obtained no acclaim and reward and suffered in poverty however, he, finally, gain the respect of everyone. Nowadays, people understand his impressive painting sunrise and affirm its value.

Art also can reflect problems and phenomenon of a society. Take van Gogh as an example. The painting, one of his most famous works called potato eaters reflect the misery and poverty of humanity as he saw it among the miners in Belgium

Automation trade-off technological advancement has both positive effects which enhance production efficiency and quality control, reduce the need to have workers perform potentially dangerous tasks and negative effects such as landfills with outdated devices, discarded chemicals, and plastic packaging, make many jobs unnecessary so that put employees out of work or force them to retrain.

The complex and rapidly developed society encourage competition so that in many aspects, people can gain several benefits. In business, for the sake of survival in competition, companies must continue to improve the quality of services and products, and as a result, the entire society prospers, at least economically.

By the development of technology, during the past decades, all of good things happen because of only competition, including a computer shrinking in size, increasing in power, reducing in price, and a rapid expansion of telecommunications networking in a declining price.

The Olympic Game is a form of competition break up records to challenge human limits, gotten along with each other country to improve friendship and peace

Competition can not make everyone win challenges as a win-win situation. On the other word, cooperation is the only driving force that will make every participant a winner. In this super-modern world, tasks are more complex and there are more specialists. In an orchestra, in the office, in the school, in the lab to study, in the creation of a film, and on many jobs, we know that we have to work in teams.

Poverty is an outcome of longstanding conflict between haves and have-nots and a structural arrangement of inequality, thus, the poverty is perpetuated through class discrimination and unequal opportunities for upward mobility. Indeed, the modern society has strived to improve people’s lives by establishing the social welfare system and performing some other affirmative actions.

Imbalances in the distribution of power-the loss of personal freedoms and civil liberties, and abuses of authority lead people to dissatisfy.

Imbalance in the distribution of wealth—the loss of economic opportunity and social mobility, the creation of a permanent underclass, and conditions of illiteracy, unemployment, homelessness, hunger, and disease contribute people to crime.

Racial discrimination such as racial purity or superiority, stereotyping and labeling, physical and social segregation, institutionalized inequality need to be eliminated through global education which gathers students who come from different countries together to learn the same courses in which teachers instruct students fairness, honesty, love the world and every committees, fidelity to tasks, friends and ….

Family problems: family instability, divorce and child custody, spouse and child abuse, gender issues, gay and lesbian families, reproductive technology, adoption, and abortion.

Gene problems: the bioethics of transplants, genetic screening, gene therapies. Genetic engineering can be used to many aspects of human life better such as reduce the amount of potentially dangerous chemical substances, cure diseases at the DNA level, and improve the possibility of ending worldwide poverty and starvation.

Pollution not only affects human beings’ lives but also destroy the environment in which many other specials live. Chemical leak kill several people. Pose health risks and contribute to acid rain and global warming.

A politician’s job is to build, maintain, and expand the wealth, prosperity and political influence of his nation; district, county, state or what have you.

Both morality and politics (law) serve to regulate or direct human behavior. They differ, however, in the strength of their regulation and demand different, though related, personal qualities.

The boundaries between morality and politics are very flexible. In some periods particular relations can be regulated by moral mechanisms, which in some other periods are ruled by political ones. the interaction between morality and politics depends on the particular social contradictions and objective possibilities of achieving class, state and national goals by acting in accordance with, or neglecting, respective moral values and norms.

When the political theory, ideology and practice come into sharp contradiction with the morality of the people, they lose efficacy and in the end are doomed to failure. Therefore, every political theory, ideology and practice seeks moral justification and arguments in order to be accepted by the masses.

Leaders need to establish an organization culture and are responsible for reputation management of their companies, governments and groups. As role models of values-based leadership, they can win loyalty and superior performance of their employees. The organization culture as the distinctive competitive factor will be the ability to attract and retain the most talented people and obtain personal fulfillment.

History as a mirror is used to represent a study of the past—a study not only of great heroes of history who successfully worked through moral dilemmas, but also of many ordinary people who provided lessons in courage, diligence, or constructive protest.

Machiavelli, an Italian philosopher wrote: “whoever wishes to foresee the future must consult the past; for human events ever resemble those of preceding times.”

以下就是一些例子：

1 交叉學科的例子（一個網(wǎng)友寫了給我的）：

In 1994, John Nash, the renowned mathematician in 20th century, shared the Nobel Prize with two co-winners who were also mathematicians. However, they were awarded in Economic Sciences rather than their own academic field-mathematics. Nash’s work on game theory, including the Nash equilibrium and the Nash arbitration scheme has allowed researchers to better understand problems of competition and cooperation among agents or players. His and his co-winners’ finding had a phenomenal impact on economic analysis and appreciations in many other fields including in political science, biology, ecology, etc.

2 學術丑聞：

Hwang woo-suk, the former professor of Seoul National University in Korea, made headlines last year when he unveiled the first cloned human embryo. The work marked the start of what many scientists believed would be a revolution. However, not very sooner, Hwang was forced to admit that he had lied. Not only did he use eggs donated by his female staff, but also fabricated cell lines and concocted DNA tests. This incident has sent shock waves around the scientific world, and the ethics of scientists was also raised upon the table.